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Wildpro CONTENTS / Bears: Health and Management:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Bears: Health and Management

Wildpro has been designed to support decision-making, and important back-ground information is provided through its flowchart structure. We recommend that first-time users, or those unfamiliar with these species, or with their recommended care, return to the flowchart (Bears: Health and Management) and follow through the flowcharts and lists to find the information they need.

ALL CONTENTS:

• About the Species

• Diseases

• Drugs

• Techniques (Veterinary / Husbandry / Management)

• Support References

About the Species:

• Helarctos malayanus - Sun bear
• Melursus ursinus - Sloth bear
• Tremarctos ornatus - Spectacled bear
• Ursus americanus - American black bear
• Ursus arctos - Brown bear
• Ursus maritimus - Polar bear
• Ursus thibetanus - Asiatic black bear

• Helarctos malayanus - Sun bear:

  • GO TO... Helarctos malayanus - Sun bear (Species) (General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

 

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sun bear Helarctos malayanus - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

• Melursus ursinus - Sloth bear:

  • GO TO... Melursus ursinus - Sloth bear (Species)(General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

 

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck(Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Sloth bear Melursus ursinus - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

• Tremarctos ornatus - Spectacled bear:

  • GO TO... Tremarctos ornatus - Spectacled bear (Species)(General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

 

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... Spectacled Bear Tremarctos ornatus - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

• Ursus americanus - American black bear:

  • GO TO... Ursus americanus - American black bear (Species) (General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

 

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck(Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... American black bear Ursus americanus - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

• Ursus arctos - Brown bear:

  • GO TO... (Ursus arctos - Brown bear (Species) (General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

 

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Brown bear Ursus arctos - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

• Ursus maritimus - Polar bear:

  • GO TO... Ursus maritimus - Polar bear (Species) (General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

 

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Polar bear Ursus maritimus - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

• Ursus thibetanus - Asiatic black bear:

  • GO TO... Ursus thibetanus - Asiatic black bear (Species)(General information)
    This page includes data on:

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Alternative Names
2. General Appearance and Similar Species
3. Husbandry Information (Captive Management)
 

APPEARANCE / MORPHOLOGY
1. Measurement & Weight
2. Head and Neck
3. Legs, Spine and Tracks
4. Tail
5. Skin / Coat / Pelage
6. Detailed Anatomy Notes
 

LIFE STAGES / NATURAL DIET / PHYSIOLOGY
1. Reproductive Stages
2. Natural Diet
3. Hibernation / Aestivation
4. Detailed Physiology Notes
 

BEHAVIOUR
1. Feeding Behaviour
2. Parental Behaviour
3. Social Behaviour / Territoriality / Predation / Learning
4. Sexual Behaviour
5. Activity Patterns, Self-grooming and Navigation

HABITAT & RANGE
1. General Habitat Type
2. Nests / Burrows / Shelters
3. Distribution and Movement (Migration etc.)
 

CONSERVATION
1. Species Variation (subspeciation)
2. Conservation Status

[NOTE: The Species page provides an overview of summarised information on the species Detailed literature reports containing the references to information from different papers are available in the following pages:]

• Detailed Literature Reports:
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Appearance-Morphology- Measurement and Weight (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Appearance-Morphology- Head and Neck(Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Appearance-Morphology- Legs, Spine and Tracks (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Appearance-Morphology-Tail (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Appearance- Morphology- Skin-Coat-Pelage (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Detailed Anatomy Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Life Stages (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Natural Diet (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Hibernation - Aestivation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Haematology - Biochemistry Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Detailed Physiology Notes (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Feeding Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Parental Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Social Behaviour - Territoriality - Predation - Learning (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Sexual Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Activity Patterns, Grooming and Navigation Behaviour (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - General Habitat Type (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Nests - Burrows - Shelters (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Distribution & Movement (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Species Variation (Literature Reports)
  • GO TO... Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus - Conservation Status (Literature Reports)

Return to Top of Page

Diseases:

• Viral:
  • GO TO... Avian Influenza (with special reference to Waterfowl and notes on Hedgehogs and Bears) (Viral Disease)
  • GO TO... Bhanja Virus Infection in Hedgehogs and Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Bluetongue in Elephants and Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Calicivirus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Canine Distemper (with notes on Bears) (Disease Link Page)
  • GO TO... Canine Parvovirus Infection (Disease Link Page)
  • GO TO... Cytomegalovirus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Dolphin Rhabdovirus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Dolphin Morbillivirus Infection (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Waterfowl (with a note on Bears) (Viral Disease)
  • GO TO... Human Adenovirus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Infectious Canine Hepatitis (with special reference to Bears) (Disease Link Page)
  • GO TO... Influenza B Virus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Unspecified Morbillivirus Infection of Hedgehogs (with notes on Bears) (Viral Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Naples Sandfly Fever Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Northway Virus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Parainfluenza Virus Infections in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Parvovirus Infection of Hedgehogs (with notes on Bears) (Viral Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Phocine Distemper (with notes on Bears) (Disease Link Page)
  • GO TO... Pseudorabies in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Rabies (with special reference to raccoons) (Viral Disease)
    • Information regarding the disease in bears is available in:
      • Rabies (with special reference to Raccoons) - Detailed Clinical Signs (Disease Reports)
      • Rabies (with special reference to Raccoons) - Detailed Pathological Findings - (Necropsy-Post Mortem) (Disease Reports)
      • Rabies virus (with special reference to raccoon rabies variant) - Definitive Mammal Host Species (Viral Reports)
      • Rabies virus (with special reference to raccoon rabies variant) - Detection and Identification Techniques (Viral Reports)
  • GO TO... Rotavirus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... St Louis Encephalitis (SLE) in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Snowshoe Hare Virus Infection in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Vesicular Stomatitis in Bears (Viral Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Western Equine Encephalitis in Waterfowl (with a note on Bears) (Viral Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... West Nile Virus Disease (Viral Disease)
    • Information regarding the disease in bears is available in:
    • West Nile Virus - Definitive Mammal Host Species (Viral Reports)
    • West Nile Virus Disease - Editorial Overview of Disease Characteristics for specified SPECIES-TAXA
    • West Nile Virus Disease - Detailed Clinical Signs (Disease Reports)
    • West Nile Virus Disease - Detailed Pathological Findings - (Necropsy-Post Mortem) (Disease Reports)
• Bacterial:
  • GO TO... Abscess in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Anthrax (with special reference to Waterfowl, Elephants and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Bacterial Dermatitis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Bacterial Enterocolitis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Bacterial Gastroenteritis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Bacterial Wound Infection and Cellulitis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Bordetella bronchiseptica Infection in Hedgehogs and Bears (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in Lagomorphs and Bears
  • GO TO... Brucellosis (Disease Link Page)
  • GO TO... Chlamydiosis - Psittacosis in Birds (with special reference to Waterfowl and a note on Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Clostridial Myonecrosis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Clostridium difficile Infection in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Clostridium perfringens Infection in Elephants and Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Colibacillosis (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs and Elephants and a note on Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Dermatophilosis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Elokomin Fluke Fever in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Erysipelothrix Infection in Birds (with special reference to Waterfowl and notes on Hedgehogs and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Bears (Bacterial Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Leptospirosis (with notes on Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Listeriosis in Waterfowl (with notes on Hedgehogs and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Mammalian Tuberculosis (with special reference to Badgers, Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Navel Infection in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Paratuberculosis Infection in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Pasteurella Infection in Hedgehogs (with notes on Bears) (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Q Fever (Coxiella burnetti infection) (with notes on Hedgehogs and Bears) (Bacterial Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Salmonellosis (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Salmon Poisoning in Bears (Bacterial Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Staphylococcosis (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs and Bears) (Bacterial Disease)
  • GO TO... Tularemia in Hedgehogs and Bears (Bacterial Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Yersiniosis (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs, Bears and notes on Elephants) (Bacterial Disease)
• Fungal / Algal:
  • GO TO... Blastomycosis in Bears (Fungal Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Candidiasis in Waterfowl and Bears (with notes on Elephants) (Fungal Disease)
  • GO TO... Greening of the Hair Coat in Polar Bears (Algal Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Pityrosporum pachydermatis in a Bear (Fungal Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Pythiosis in Bears (Fungal Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Ringworm in Hedgehogs (with notes on Elephants and Bears) (Fungal Disease)
• Parasitic:
  • GO TO... Acanthocephalan Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Audycoptic Mange in Bears (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Babesia Infection (Piroplasmosis) in Elephants and Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Baylisascaris Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Biting-Blood-sucking and Nuisance Flies Affecting Elephants and Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cestode Infections in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Chagas' Disease in Hedgehogs and Bears (Parasitic Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Chiggers (Trombiculiasis) (in Waterfowl, Hedgehogs and Bears) (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Chorioptic Mange in Hedgehogs and Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cryptosporidiosis in Mammals (with special reference to Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Parasitic Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Cysticercosis in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Demodicosis (with special reference to Hedgehogs and Bears) (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Dioctophyme renale Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Dirofilaria ursi infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Eyeworms in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Flea Infection in Mammals (with special reference to Hedgehogs, Bears and a note on Elephants) Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Gastro-Intestinal Nematode Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Gonglyonema pulchrum Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Heartworm Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Hepatozoon Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hookworm Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Intestinal Coccidiosis in Hedgehogs (with notes on Bears) (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Intestinal Fluke Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Leech Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Lice Infection in Elephants and Bears (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Lungworms in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Myiasis (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Prouterina wescotti Infection in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Sarcocystosis in Waterfowl and Bears (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Sarcoptic Mange (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Sparganosis in Bears (Parasitic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Tick Infection (with special reference to Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Toxoplasmosis in Waterfowl (with notes on Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Trichinella Infection in Hedgehogs and Bears (Parasitic Disease)
  • GO TO... Trypanosomiasis in Waterfowl, Elephants and Bears (Parasitic Disease)
• Toxic:
  • GO TO... Avian Botulism in Waterfowl (with notes on Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Toxic Disease)
  • GO TO... Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl (with notes on elephants and bears) (Toxic Disease)
  • GO TO... Levamisole-Tetramisole Toxicity with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears (Toxic Disease)
  • GO TO... Oiling (Toxic Disease)
  • GO TO... Oleander Poisoning in Waterfowl and Bears (Toxic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Strychnine Poisoning in Waterfowl and Bears (Toxic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Tick Toxicosis in Bears (Toxic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Yew Toxicity in Bears (Toxic Disease Summary)
• Nutritional:
  • GO TO... Calcium-Vitamin D Metabolism Imbalance (with special reference to Hedgehogs, Elephants and Bears) (Micronutrient Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Obesity in Bears (Nutritional Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Vitamin A-responsive Skin Disease in Bears (Nutritional Disease Summary)
• Physical and Traumatic:
  • GO TO... Burns and Smoke Inhalation (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs and Elephants) (Physical - Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Chilling - Hypothermia (with special reference to Waterfowl, Hedgehogs and Bears) (Physical - Traumatic Disease)
  • GO TO... Choke in Elephants and Bears (Physical-Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Drowning (with special reference to Waterfowl and notes on Hedgehogs and Bears) (Physical - Traumatic Disease)
  • GO TO... Fractures in Bears (Physical-Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Gall Bladder Fistula in Bears (Physical-Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hyperthermia - Sunstroke - Heatstroke in Waterfowl, Elephants and Bears (Physical - Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Lacerations & Punctures, including bite wounds (with special reference to Waterfowl, UK Wildlife and Bears) (Physical - Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Ocular Foreign Bodies in Bears (Physical-Traumatic Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Oral Foreign Bodies in Hedgehogs and Bears (Physical - Traumatic Disease Summary)
• Miscellaneous / Multifactorial / Metabolic:
  • GO TO... Abdominal Hernias in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Acute Gastric Dilatation in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Arthritis and Skeletal Disease in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Aspiration Pneumonia in Elephants and Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Link)
  • GO TO... Brain Infarct in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cerebral Arteriosclerosis in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cervical Cysts in Elephants and Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Claw Overgrowth in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Clitoriditis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Constipation in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cretinism in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cryptorchidism in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Cystitis in Elephants and Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Denning-related Dermatitis in American Black Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Dental Disease in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Epilepsy and Convulsions in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Gall Bladder Lesions in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Gastritis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hepatic and Bile Duct Neoplasia in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hydrocephalus in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hypersensitivity angiitis in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hypoglycaemia (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hypospadias in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Hypothyroidism in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Inhalant Allergic Dermatitis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Intestinal Perforation in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Intestinal Volvulus in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Kidney Agenesis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Medial Calcification of the Aorta in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Myasthenia Gravis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Neoplasia in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Nephritis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Neuronal Degeneration of the Spinal Cord in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Nutritional Gastroenteritis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Ocular Disease in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Pancreatic Necrosis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Pseudohermaphroditism in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Radial Agenesis in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Respiratory Disease in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Retained Placenta in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Ruptured Intervertebral Disk in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Scrotal Hernia in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Starvation in Waterfowl and Seabirds (with notes on Hedgehogs and Bears) (Miscellaneous Disease)
  • GO TO... Tetralogy of Fallot in a Bear (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Trichobezoars in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Umbilical Hernia in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Unspecified skin conditions of Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)
  • GO TO... Urolithiasis in Bears (Miscellaneous Disease Summary)

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• Sedatives & Anaesthetics:
  • GO TO... Alphachloralose (CNS depressant) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Atipamezole (Antagonist) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Carfentanil (Opiate) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Diazepam (Sedative) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Etorphine (Opiate) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Fentanyl (Opiate) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Halothane (Anaesthetic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Isoflurane (Anaesthetic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Ketamine (Anaesthetic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Medetomidine (Sedative analgesic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Phencyclidine (Anaesthetic) (Chemicals Summary Page)
  • GO TO... Tiletamine-Zolazepam (General anaesthetic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Xylazine (Sedative analgesic) (Chemical Page)
• Antibiotics and Antifungals:
  • GO TO... Amoxycillin (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Ampicillin (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Chloramphenicol (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Clavulanic acid (Beta-lactamase inhibitor) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Enrofloxacin (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Gentamicin (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Griseofulvin (Antifungal) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Itraconazole (Antifungal) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Nystatin (Antifungal) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Oxytetracycline (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Penicillin G (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Trimethoprim (Antibiotic) (Chemical Page)
• Parasiticides:
  • GO TO... Amitraz (Acaricide-Pesticide) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Fenbendazole (Anthelmintic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Ivermectin (Parasiticide) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Levamisole (Anthelminitic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Malathion (Insecticide) (Chemical Summary Page)
  • GO TO... Mebendazole (Anthelmintic) (Chemical Summary Page)
  • GO TO... Organochlorines (Chemicals Summary Page)
  • GO TO... Organophosphates (Chemicals Summary Page)
  • GO TO... Pyrantel_pamoate (Anthelmintic) (Chemical Page)
• Painkillers (Analgesics), Anti-inflammatories and Symptomatics:
  • GO TO... Butorphanol (Opiate analgesic) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Carprofen (NSAID) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Dexamethasone (Corticosteroid) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Doxapram (CNS Stimulant) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Flunixin meglumine (NSAID) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Ketoprofen (NSAID) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Meloxicam (NSAID) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Morphine (Opiate) (Chemical Page)
  • GO TO... Prednisolone (Corticosteroid) (Chemical Page)
• Vitamin & Mineral supplements:
  • GO TO... Calcium (Chemicals Summary)
  • GO TO... Iodine (Chemicals Summary)
  • GO TO... Phosphorus (Compound) (Chemicals Summary)
  • GO TO... Thiamine (B Vitamin) (Chemicals Summary)
  • GO TO... Vitamin A (Chemicals Summary)
  • GO TO... Vitamin D3 (Chemicals Summary)
  • GO TO... Vitamin E (Chemicals Summary)

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Techniques (Veterinary / Husbandry / Management):

Overview Techniques: Mammal Husbandry and Management

• GO TO... Accommodation Design for Mammals (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Food and Feeding for Mammals (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Mammal Behavioural Requirements (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Mammal Handling & Movement (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Mammal Identification (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Management of Unwanted or Illegally Held Animals (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Preventative Medicine for Mammals (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Rearing of Mammals (Mammal Husbandry and Management)
• GO TO... Reproductive Management of Mammals (Mammal Husbandry and Management)

Overview Techniques: Veterinary

• GO TO... Environmental Assessment (Techniques Overview)
• GO TO... Environmental and Population Management (Techniques Overview)
• GO TO... History & Documentation (Techniques Overview)
• GO TO... Necropsy of Mammals (Techniques Overview)
• GO TO... Physical Examination of Mammals (Techniques Overview)
• GO TO... Treatment and Care (Techniques Overview)

Individual Bear Techniques: Veterinary

• GO TO... Blood Sampling Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Canine Tooth Removal in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Carfentanil Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Cholecystectomy in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Etorphine Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Intramuscular Injection of Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Intravenous Injection of Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Medetomidine-Ketamine Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Medetomidine-Ketamine-Midazolam Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Medetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Oral Carfentanil Anaesthesia of Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Pulpotomy in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Root Canal Procedures in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Subcutaneous Injection of Mammals (Techniques)
• GO TO... Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Xylazine-Ketamine Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Xylazine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anaesthesia in Bears (Techniques)

Individual Bear Techniques: Husbandry / Management

• GO TO... Fire Hose Hammock Construction (Techniques)
• GO TO... Hand-rearing American Black Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Hand-rearing Brown Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Hand-rearing Polar Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Hand-rearing Spectacled Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Hand-rearing Sun Bears (Techniques)
• GO TO... Release of Hand-reared American Black Bears
• GO TO... Release of Hand-reared Brown Bears

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Support References:

• GO TO... DIRECTORY- Organisations working with Bears
• GO TO... The Electronic Library- further reading for "Bears: Health and Management"