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Doses
/ Administration Routes / Frequencies |
Use of Drugs
(Medication):
- Before administration of any pharmaceutical product the manufacturer's datasheet must be
consulted regarding operator safety, relevant withdrawal times etc.
- Many drugs are not registered for use in particular species and
additional care should
be taken in their use, with proper regard for possible toxic effects.
- Consideration should
be given to relevant legislation regarding the use of drugs.
- In the UK, guidelines regarding the use of drugs are set out in the Royal College
of Veterinary Surgeons' Guide to Professional Conduct 2000: (See: LCofC1
- RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct 2000 - Choice of Medicinal Products).
General comments:
- When used with sulphonamides, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of trimethoprim for most
susceptible bacteria is generally greater than 0.5µg/ml. (B263)
- Dose is expressed in the UK as sulphonamide plus trimethoprim. (B201.1.w1)
Erinaceus europaeus - West European Hedgehog:
- Trimethoprim 5mg/kg + sulfamethoxazole 25mg/kg intramuscularly or orally
twice daily. Pulmonary infections, gram-negative bacteria. (B22.27.w3)
- Sulphadoxine, trimethoprim, lidocaine (lignocaine)
hydrochloride (Borgal
7.5% solution (Intervet
UK Limited) 50 mg/kg intramuscularly or
subcutaneously once daily. (D93)
- Sulphadiazine/trimethoprim 30 mg/kg once daily for 5-8 days,
intramuscularly or subcutaneously. (D107)
- Sulphadoxine/trimethoprim/lidocaine (Borgal 7.5%, Intervet
UK Limited) 75 mg/kg
once daily for five days, subcutaneously. (D107)
Atelerix albiventris - Four-toed hedgehog:
- Trimethoprim/sulphonamide 30mg/kg orally, subcutaneously or
intramuscularly every 12 hours. For respiratory infections. (B267)
"Hedgehog" (species not distinguished between Atelerix albiventris - Four-toed hedgehog
or Erinaceus europaeus - West European Hedgehog):
- Trimethoprim/sulphonamide (SMZ/TMP)
30 mg/kg intramuscularly or orally every 12 hours. (B150.w1)
In Elephants:
Elephas maximus
- Asian Elephant
- Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, 48 g orally
twice daily was administered for four weeks to an adult elephant, after
a regional digital intravenous perfusion (RDIP) of a sole abscess. (J2.34.w2)
- Sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim was given, 57 g
orally for 21 days, to a 40-year-old 3,300 kg female in the treatment
of a nail
infection complicated by phalangeal osteomyelitis. (J2.28.w2,
P9.1.w7)
Loxodonta africana
- African Elephant
- Trimethoprim-sulfadiazide 4.5 mg/kg orally for 12 days. (P30.1.w5)
- Trimethoprim-sulfadiazide 60 g orally once daily for ten days for a
14 year-old female. (J3.152.w2)
- Trimethoprim-sulphamethaxazole, 9,600 mg orally twice daily for 14
days was used in the treatment of a 1,136 kg eight-year-old male Loxodonta africana
- African Elephant with a fractured and infected
tusk, in addition to initial topical treatment with 0.9% sodium chloride followed by
povidone iodine solution to flush the pulp cavity. (J4.185.w2)
The following information is taken with permission directly from the
Elephant Care
International website (W580.Aug2005.w30):
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Elephants:
a)
22 mg/kg PO 4-6 times/day to maintain trough concentrations above the
MIC in African elephants, however, the authors suggest favorable
clinical response which is the basis for BID dosing in horses may also
be effective in elephants (Page et al. 1991).
Elephant
References:
a) Page,C.D., Mautino,M., Derendorf,H.D., and Anhalt,J.P. 1991. Comparative
pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administered
intravenously and orally to captive elephants. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 22:(4):409-416 Abstract: Three healthy
captive female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were used
to determine the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
after a single i.v. and a single oral dose of 3.7mg/kg TMP and
18.3mg/kg SMZ. A 2-mo wash-out period was allowed between the
i.v. and oral trials. An adult female Asian elephant (Elephas
maximus) was also used in this investigation; however,
pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from data from this animal were
not used to calculate mean pharmacokinetic parameters for TMP-SMZ in
African elephants. Serum concentrations of TMP-SMZ were measured
by high-performance liquid chromatography on blood samples collected
via venous catheterization predose, over 12 hr after i.v. drug
administration, and over 24 hr after oral drug administration.
For African elephants, the mean terminal half-life (t1/2,z),
clearance (CL), and volume distribution at steady state (Vdss)
of TMP following i.v. administration were 1.4 + 0.7 hr, 856.0 + 114.0
ml/hr/kg, and 1.1 + 0.4 L/kg, respectively. For SMZ, these
parameters were 1.83 + 0.06 hr, 93.6 + 10.8 ml/hr/kg, and 0.2 + 0.02
L/kg, respectively. Following oral administration, the mean t1/2,z
was 3.0 + 1.1 hr, the maximum concentration (Cmax) was 0.43
+ 0.07 micrograms/ml at time (tmax) 1.7 + 0.6 hr, and the
bioavailability (F) was 61.2 + 21.3% for TMP. For SMZ, the mean
t1/2,z was 2.0 + 0.3 hr, the Cmax was 30.7 + 2.5
micrograms/ml at tmax 3.0 + 1.0 hr, and F was 81.7 + 17.5%.
Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters from this investigation were
similar to values reported in horses. Based on these findings,
metabolic scaling should not be employed to calculate the dose of
TMP-SMZ in elephants.
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Dogs:
- Sulfadiazine-Trimethoprim, 30 mg/kg orally or subcutaneous injection, once daily (dose expressed as
sulfadiazine + trimethoprim). (B373.1.w1)
- Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, 30 mg/kg orally once daily (dose expressed as sulfamethoxazole +
trimethoprim). (B373.1.w1)
Bears:
Lagomorphs
- Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus - Domestic rabbit:
- Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (Sulphonamides)
30 mg/kg orally or subcutaneously every 24 hours. (B546)
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Sulphonamides)
40 mg/kg orally every 24 hours. (B546,
B601.15.w15)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamides
15 mg/kg orally every 12 hours. (B548.w8)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamides
30 mg/kg orally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly every 12 hours.
(B548.w8) Note:
subcutaneous use may cause tissue necrosis.
(B548.w8)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamides
30 mg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours.
(B548.w8) Note:
subcutaneous use may cause tissue necrosis. (B548.w8)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamides
48 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours.
(B548.w8) Note:
subcutaneous use may cause tissue necrosis.
(B548.w8)
- Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine (Sulphonamides)
30 mg/kg orally twice daily or 48 mg/kg
subcutaneously. As an antibiotic. (B600.4.w4)
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Sulphonamides)
40 mg/kg orally twice daily for seven
days. As an antibiotic or as a coccidiostat. Note ""Co-trimoxazole"
human formulation is available as a human paediatric syrup. (B600.4.w4)
- Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine (Sulphonamides)
48 mg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours. (B603.5.w5)
- Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Sulphonamides)
30 mg/kg orally every 12 hours. (B603.5.w5)
- Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine 30 mg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours. (B601.15.w15)
- Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine 30 mg/kg orally every 12 hours. (B601.15.w15)
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Sulphonamides)
40 mg/kg orally every 12 hours. For the treatment of coccidiosis. (B601.15.w15)
- Trimethoprim-sulphonamide
30 mg/kg orally or subcutaneously every 12 hours. (B602.41.w41)
Ferrets - Mustela
putorius furo - Ferret:
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamide
20 - 30 mg/kg subcutaneously or orally twice daily. "Used for
urinary and respiratory infections." May cause renal disease
in geriatric ferrets. (B626.App.w22)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamide
30 mg/kg subcutaneously or orally every 12 hours. "Renal
disease possible." (B631.21.w21)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamide
15 - 30 mg/kg orally or subcutaneously every 12 hours. (B602.41.w41)
- Trimethoprim-Sulphonamide
30 mg/kg orally twice daily. This is concentrated in urine so may be
the treatment of choice for urinary tract infections (broad-spectrum
prior to culture and sensitivity test results). Note: in
ferrets, ocassional idiopathic blood dyscrasias reported. (J213.3.w1)
Great Apes
- Adult
Pan troglodytes - Chimpanzee:
Sulfamethoxazole (Sulphonamides)/Trimethoprim,
800 mg of the sulfamethoxazole orally twice daily or 15-20 mg/kg per day
intravenously divided into two to four doses. (W768.Jun2012.w1)
- Primates: trimethoprim/sulphonamide 30 - 50 mg/kg (total dose)
intramuscularly, subcutaneously or orally once daily. Broad spectrum
against Gram negative organisms with some activity against Gram-positive
bacteria. In the treatment of gastrointestinal, respiratiry, skin and
urinary tract infections. (D425.3.15.w3o)
- Primates: Trimethoprim/Sulphonamides
20 mg/kg orally four times daily for 14 days. In the treatment of
Pneumocystic carinii infection
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