| Summary
Information |
| Type
of technique |
Health
& Management / Disease
Investigation & Control / Treatment
& Care / Techniques: |
| Synonyms
and Keywords |
- Preventative vaccination
- Routine vaccination
|
| Description |
- Prophylactic vaccination programmes are carried out in countries
where foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is enzootic, or which have a high risk of the virus
being imported.
- Vaccination regimes vary between geographical areas.
- In general, cattle are the most likely species to be vaccinated.
- Inactivated vaccines are used, which may be monovalent or multivalent s
appropriate for the area, and may use "generic" strains such as "O
Marisa" or may be derived from field isolates particular to a region (V.w23).
- IgG peaks at 14-21 days after standard primary vaccination and a booster
vaccine is given at this time (W18.Apl01.sib1).
- Juveniles from vaccinated mothers are vaccinated at an age designed to minimise the time
when they are protected by neither maternal antibodies nor their own developing immunity
following vaccination.
- Vaccine is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly, depending on the type of vaccine.
- Cattle may be vaccinated using a vaccine with aluminium hydroxide plus saponin as an
adjuvant, or an oil emulsion adjuvant (J35.151.w1).
- Oily adjuvants are commonly used for vaccinating pigs (J35.148.w1)
- For sheep, one third of cattle dose has been used (J16.8.w1).
- Following the initial course of vaccination, boosters are given at intervals appropriate
for the region.
|
| Appropriate Use (?) |
- Generally used in countries where foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is enzootic, or which
have a high risk of the virus being imported.
|
| Notes |
- Vaccination regimes for routine prophylactic vaccination are or have been employed in
many areas of the world. In some countries they have been sufficiently successful to allow
the elimination of the disease from that country, alongside neighbouring countries or even
despite the continued presence of the disease in surrounding countries.
- In most EU countries, prior to 1992, cattle were vaccinated on a yearly
basis. (B207)
- In southern Africa, cattle are generally vaccinated every six months (B210.89.w89)
- In South America, vaccination every four months is commonly employed (B207)
- Immunity develops after 7-21 days.B207,
B210.89.w89
- Additional vaccination may be used to boost immunity in the face of an
outbreak.
- Vaccination with more than one strain at a time neither enhances nor
competitively inhibits response to the different strains. (J21.40.w2).
- Factors required for effective control by vaccination include effective zoo-sanitary
regulations, particularly movement control (including prevention of illegal movements of
livestock), quarantine, effective disease monitoring including typing to change vaccines
as required, safe affective vaccines, effective vaccine distribution (which relies on
transport and cold storage) and epidemiological studies to increase understanding and
monitor status (J35.134.w3).
|
| Complications/ Limitations / Risk |
- Ineffective against strains of FMDV not included in the vaccines.
- Requirements for cold storage and for refrigeration during transportation;
- Relatively short endurance of immunity and therefore requirements for frequent booster
vaccinations.
- Risk of outbreaks related to the use of improperly inactivated vaccine or from
"escape" of virus from production plants which do not incorporate sufficient
safeguards (J70.9.w1,
J70.10.w3).
- Problems reported associated with vaccination in the past have included
abortion/stillbirths if pregnant sows were vaccinated and severe local reaction to vaccine
in sows. A small proportion of cattle (0.005%) have sometimes developed an anaphylactic
response after repeated vaccination. Many problems can be eliminated by the use of
satisfactory purification and standardisation of vaccine (B207,
J70.17.w3).
- Reactions are related to impurities in antigens and adjuvants (J70.17.w3).
- These problems are not seen when modern vaccines, made with purified
antigen under conditions of Good Manufacturing Practice are used and vaccines are handled
correctly (V.w23).
- Vaccination of populations likely to be exposed to infection does not
necessarily protect all animals from infection, as immune responses vary between
individuals (J19.116.w1).
- Some animals may be in the early incubation stages of FMD at the time when they are
vaccinated, and a small proportion may become carriers (D36.Para124).
- However, good-quality vaccines, if given a sufficient length of time
prior to exposure to live virus, may reduce the incidence of the development of the
carrier state in vaccinated animals (W18.Apl01.sib1).
- There is no evidence that vaccinated animals, even if they become
carriers, cause infection in susceptible animals: "follow-up outbreaks, caused by
the presence of vaccinated carrier animals, have never been observed." (P5.40S.w2).
- Economic considerations:
- Immediate costs associated with vaccination (D35.w2).
- Barrier to International Trade: many countries prohibit the importation
of vaccinated ruminants.
- Safety considerations:
- Risk of stress, particularly to highly pregnant
animals, during gathering and handling for vaccination (D36.Para200).
- Hazards to both animals and humans in trying to
gather animals in inclement weather such as fog or snow (D36.Para200).
|
| Equipment / Chemicals required and Suppliers |
- Effective vaccines against the strains of FMDV likely to be encountered in the region.
|
| Expertise level / Ease of Use |
- Use of vaccines does not require special expertise.
|
| Cost/ Availability |
- Vaccines are generally available from commercial suppliers.
|
| Legal and Ethical Considerations |
- Vaccination may greatly reduce the number of animals developing foot-and-mouth disease,
both within and outside the vaccinated area. This means that less animals will develop the
clinical signs of this disease, which can be severe and cause considerable suffering.
- Countries may have legal restrictions against the use of prophylactic vaccination for
FMD. Within the EU, routine vaccination is prohibited - see: COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2003-85-EC of 29 September 2003 on Community measures for the control of foot-and-mouth disease
- full text provided
- The use of FMD vaccines may be governed by statutory regulations specifying both the
route and frequency of vaccination.
- Legalities of International Trade: many countries prohibit the
importation of vaccinated ruminants.
|
| Author |
Debra Bourne |
| Referee |
Suzanne I Boardman |
| References |
- J3.102.w8,
J16.8.w1,
J16.22.w1, J19.116.w1,
J21.40.w2),
J35.134.w3,
J35.148.w1,
J35.151.w1,
J70.6.w1,
J70.9.w1,
J70.10.w3,
J70.17.w3
- B207, B210.89.w89,
B211
- V.w23
- P5.40S.w2
- D35.w2, D36.Para200
- COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2003-85-EC of 29 September 2003 on Community measures for the control of foot-and-mouth disease
- full text provided
- W18.Apl01.sib1
|
