Diseases / List of Micronutrient (Vitamin / Mineral) Diseases / Disease description:

Manganese Deficiency in Waterfowl

INFORMATION AVAILABLE

GENERAL INFORMATION

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS & PATHOLOGY

INVESTIGATION & DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT & CONTROL

SUSCEPTIBILITY & TRANSMISSION

ENVIRONMENT & GEOGRAPHY

Waterfowl Module Contents

Return to top of page

General and References

Disease Summary
WATERFOWL	One of the nutritional problems which may lead to perosis (Perosis) (slipped tendon); together with other bone problems and reproductive problems. In poultry may also produce decreased egg production, reduced eggshell quality, embryo deformities (e.g. "parrot beak", chondrodystrophy, shortening of long bones, wiry down) and shortened leg bones in chicks.

Return to top of page

Alternative Names (Synonyms)

See also: Perosis

Return to top of page

Disease Type

Nutritional - Micronutrients

Return to top of page

Infectious/Non-Infectious Agent associated with the Disease
Manganese deficiency. Manganese (Mn) is an activator of several enzymes and is required for normal growth and reproduction and prevention of perosis. Deficiency is aggravated by excessively high calcium in the diet, which blocks absorption of manganese. (B32.2.w23, B109).
Infective "Taxa"	--
Non-infective agents	Manganese (Deficiency) Calcium (Excess)
Physical agents	--

Return to top of page

References
Disease Author	Debra Bourne

Major References / Reviews
Code and Title List	B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1, B32.2.w23, B35.13.w5, B37.x.w1, B109
Other References
Code and Title List	--

Return to top of page

Clinical Characteristics and Pathology

Detailed Clinical and Pathological Characteristics
General	WATERFOWL	Usually manifests as Perosis - slipped tendon.
Clinical Characteristics	WATERFOWL	Perosis - slipped tendon - affecting one or both legs, with swelling of the hock, and non-weight bearing affected leg. Possibly also Angel Wing. In poultry may also produce decreased egg production, reduced eggshell quality, embryo deformities (e.g. "parrot beak", chondrodystrophy, shortening of long bones, wiry down) and shortened leg bones in chicks. Perosis in ducklings under two weeks old suggests manganese deficiency in the mother. (B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1, B32.2.w23, B35.13.w5, B37.x.w1, B109, B120).
Incubation	WATERFOWL	Seen after 2-10 weeks in ducklings and goslings on a manganese-deficient diet. Perosis in ducklings under two weeks old suggests manganese deficiency in the mother (B13.46.w1)
Mortality / Morbidity	WATERFOWL	Mortality if both legs affected as may be unable to reach food (B32.2.23).
Pathology	WATERFOWL	Swelling and flattening of condyles of hock joints, gastrocnemius (Achilles) tendon may slip out of the articulation. May also be bending deformities or lateral rotation of tibia and tarsometatarsus (B16.19.w1, B32.2.w23, B35.13.w5, B37.x.w1, B109).

Return to top of page

Human Health Considerations

--

Return to top of page

Susceptibility / Transmission

General information on Susceptibility / Transmission
WATERFOWL	High calcium levels in diet reduce manganese absorption and may therefore increase manganese deficiency (B16.19.w1, B35.13.w5, B109).

Return to top of page

Disease has been reported in either the wild or in captivity in:
Pekin ducklings.
Host Species List	Anas platyrhynchos - Mallard

Return to top of page

Disease has been specifically reported in Free-ranging populations of:
--
Host Species List	--

Return to top of page

Environment/Geography

General Information on Environmental Factors/Events and Seasonality

--

Return to top of page

Regions / Countries where the Infectious Agent or Disease has been recorded

--

Return to top of page

Regions / Countries where the Infectious Agent or Disease has been recorded in Free-ranging populations

--

Return to top of page

General Investigation / Diagnosis

General Information on Investigation / Diagnosis
WATERFOWL	Clinical signs, level of manganese in diet (B32.2.23).
Related Techniques	History and Documentation - General Physical Examination - General Necropsy - General

Return to top of page

Similar Diseases (Differential Diagnosis)
WATERFOWL	Other causes of perosis (Perosis) may include an excessively high protein diet, choline deficiency, possibly deficiencies of nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, biotin or folic acid (B13.46.w1, B32.2.w23).

Return to top of page

Treatment and Control

Specific Medical Treatment
WATERFOWL	Correct the manganese deficiency in the diet.
Related Techniques	Food and Feeding for Birds - General

Return to top of page

General Nursing and Surgical Techniques
WATERFOWL	Swimming exercise may be useful in treatment of perosis (Perosis) in its early stages. Surgical correction of perosis is also possible - see (Perosis) and Achilles Tendon Replacement & Stabilization in Waterfowl. (B13.46.w1, B37.x.w1).
Related Techniques	Achilles Tendon Replacement & Stabilization in Waterfowl Treatment and Care - General

Return to top of page

Preventative Measures
Vaccination	WATERFOWL	--
Prophylactic Treatment	WATERFOWL	Ensure adequate manganese in the diet. Requirements for Pekin ducks Anas platyrhynchos domesticus 55ppm (starter), 45ppm (grower), 35ppm (breeder) (B13.46.w1). Level of 40 parts per million (PPM) for growing ducks and 25ppm for egg production also suggested (B120). As an example, Mazuri Zoo Foods waterfowl diets contain 120 to 274mg/kg feed, depending on which diet is being fed.
Related Techniques	Food and Feeding for Birds - General Preventative Medicine for Birds - General

Return to top of page

Environmental and Population Control Measures
General Environment Changes, Cleaning and Disinfection	WATERFOWL	--
Population Control Measures	WATERFOWL	--
Isolation, Quarantine and Screening	WATERFOWL	--
Related Techniques	Food and Feeding for Birds - General Environmental and Population Management - General

Return to top of page