DISEASE SUMMARY PAGE

Impaction in Waterfowl

Summary Information
Diseases / List of Miscellaneous / Metabolic / Multifactorial Diseases / Disease summary
Alternative Names	Oesophageal Impaction See also: Soybean Impaction Lead Poisoning Gizzard Worm Infection Foreign Body Ingestion Hook and Line Injury
Disease Agents	Various.
	Infectious Agent(s)	*Amidostomum acutum* *Amidostomum anseris* *Amidostomum cygni* *Amidostomum spatulatum* *Epomidiostomum crami* **Epomidiostomum orispinum Epomidiostomum uncinatum**
	Non-infectious Agent(s)	Lead
	Physical Agent(s)	Fibrous material in foodstuffs Fishing tackle Pressure necrosis
General Description	Impaction of food in the gastro-intestinal tract, usually in the oesophagus sometimes in the proventriculus, gizzard or intestines (J36.41.w1, J7.30.w2, J1.27.w6, J14.19.w1, B11.34.w2, B15).
Further Information	Generally secondary to conditions such as Lead Poisoning, Gizzard Worm Infection, and Foreign Body Ingestion (including fish hook and line ingestion - see: Hook and Line Injury). Also reported in wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis - Canada goose): with no obvious sign of a causative agent (B15). while grazing lush spring pasture - described as 'impaction due to food overload' (J14.19.w1). proventricular impaction associated with nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis (J1.27.w6). May occur in ducklings or goslings due to ingestion of tough vegetable matter or various foreign bodies including hay, straw, paper or shavings if used for as a substrate (B13.46.w1, B18). Treatment by surgical removal of impacted material from the oesophagus has been reported (see: Oesophageal Surgery of Waterfowl). N.B. The oesophagus must be sutured securely in two layers (J3.111.w2, B11.34.w2).
Techniques linked to this disease	History and Documentation - General Physical Examination - General Environmental Assessment - General Necropsy - General Appendix A - B36 Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases - Sample specimen history form Treatment and Care - General Food and Feeding for Birds - General Accommodation Design for Birds - General Preventative Medicine for Birds - General Environmental and Population Management - General

Host taxa groups /species	Waterfowl
	Disease has been reported in either the wild or in captivity in the following WATERFOWL Species:	[N.B. Miscellaneous / Traumatic Diseases tend to be under-reported and the majority are likely to affect all waterfowl species, given exposure to the related disease agents/factors.] Canada geese Branta canadensis associated with nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis (J1.27.w6). Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus with lead poisoning (J3.111.w2). Fulvous whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor (intestine), Florida duck (mottled duck) Anas fulvigula (J7.4.w1). Goosander (common merganser) Mergus merganser, cinnamon teal Anas cyanoptera, scaup Marila sp. (J7.6.w1). Carolina (wood duck) Aix sponsa and maned geese Chenonetta jubata in a collection in the UK (J7.32.w1). Gizzard and/or proventriculus impactions associated with foreign body ingestion in red-breasted mergansers Mergus serrator in a collection in the UK (J7.30.w2). In whistling ducks Dendrocygna spp. downies, juveniles and adults in a collection in the UK (J7.33.w2). In ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis, Argentine ruddy duck (lake duck) Oxyura vittata and white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala juveniles; also in downy stifftails, in a collection in the UK (J7.33.w3). Rarely recorded (1% of adults, 2& of juveniles/downies) in geese (Anser spp. and Branta spp.) in a collection in the UK (J7.34.w1). Gizzard impaction recorded in adult and juvenile swans in a collection in the UK (J7.43.w1) Canada geese Branta canadensis, due to food overload while grazing lush spring pastures (J14.19.w1). Various waterfowl, associated with gizzard lesions due to parasitism (J14.19.w1). Wild mute swans Cygnus olor and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus associated with lead poisoning (J36.41.w1, J36.44.w1 Wild mute swan Cygnus olor with nylon fishing wire obstructing the gizzard (J36.44.w1). Wild lesser scaup Aythya affinis with impacted snail shells occluding small intestine, on lower Detroit River (P10.28.w1).
		Aix sponsa - Wood duck Anas cyanoptera - Cinnamon teal Anas fulvigula - Mottled duck Aythya affinis - Lesser scaup Branta canadensis - Canada goose Chenonetta jubata - Maned duck Cygnus cygnus - Whooper swan Cygnus olor - Mute swan Dendrocygna bicolor - Fulvous whistling-duck Mergus merganser - Common merganser Mergus serrator - Red-breasted merganser Oxyura jamaicensis - Ruddy duck Oxyura leucocephala - White-headed duck Oxyura vittata - Lake duck
	Disease has been reported in free-ranging populations of the following WATERFOWL Species:	Canada geese Branta canadensis associated with nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis (J1.27.w6). Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus with lead poisoning (J3.111.w2). Canada geese Branta canadensis, due to food overload while grazing lush spring pastures (J14.19.w1). Various waterfowl, associated with gizzard lesions due to parasitism (J14.19.w1). Wild mute swans Cygnus olor and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus associated with lead poisoning (J36.41.w1, J36.44.w1). Wild mute swan Cygnus olor with nylon fishing wire obstructing the gizzard (J36.44.w1). Wild lesser scaup Aythya affinis with impacted snail shells occluding small intestine, on lower Detroit River (P10.28.w1). Canada geese Branta canadensis in Washington, USA (B15).
		Aythya affinis - Lesser scaup Branta canadensis - Canada goose Cygnus cygnus - Whooper swan Cygnus olor - Mute swan

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