| Summary Information |
| Diseases
/ List of Miscellaneous /
Metabolic / Multifactorial Diseases / Disease summary |
| Alternative Names |
See also:
|
| Disease Agents |
In Elephants
- Stillbirth in elephants has been associated with abnormal position
of the fetus. (B450.20.w20)
- Stillbirth has been associated with vitamin E/selenium deficiency.
(B35.14.w9)
- Recently a novel endotheliotropic herpesvirus has been associated
with stillbirth cases in elephants. (J22.283.w1)
- Poxvirus infection was confirmed from viral isolation in a stillborn
elephant. (J3.149.w5,
P6.2.w3)
- Chronic carbon monoxide toxicity has been suggested as a cause for the high prevalence of
stillbirth and perinatal mortality in captive elephants that are kept indoors
during winter months in North America and Europe. (P20.1998.w5)
In Bonobos
- Four of five stillbirths were associated with dystocia; the cause of
the other case was unknown. (P131.w6)
Further information on Disease Agents has only been
incorporated for agents recorded in species for which a full Wildpro "Health
and Management" module has been completed (i.e. for which a comprehensive literature
review has been undertaken). Only those agents with further information available are
linked below:
|
| Infectious
Agent(s) |
|
| Non-infectious
Agent(s) |
|
| Physical
Agent(s) |
|
| General Description |
In Elephants:
Elephas maximus
- Asian Elephant
- A case of still-born calf was reported in Zurich zoo. (P7.1.w8)
- A case of a male stillborn calf was delivered in posterior
presentation. The mother was treated medically with oxytocin to assist
the birth. (P5.39.w5)
- In a case of posterior presentation in a primiparous
29-year-old Elephas maximus
- Asian Elephant, the successful performance of a vaginal vestibulotomy to
assist the delivery of a stillborn calf was descried. (P1.1996.w1)
- According to a study published in 1996, 16.5% of Elephas maximus
- Asian Elephant calves born in European zoos and circuses have
been stillborn (20 of 121 births). (J148.61.w1)
In Bonobos:
- Two stillbirths occurred at San Diego Wild Animal Park (the only
deaths in 17 years). (P131.w5)
|
| Further Information |
In Elephants:
- Stillbirths and neonatal deaths due to the actions of the dam (infancticide)
are very rare in wild and extensively-managed elephants. Only 20
stillbirths (4.0 %) were recorded from 296 elephants in timber camps
in Burma (Myanmar). (J148.61.w1)
- Stillbirths appear to be commoner when:
- the calf is large (weight of stillborn calves 124.6 +/- 20.8 kg,
compared with 92.0 +/- 27.6 kg for surviving calves in zoos (the
weights of calves born to working Asian cows in Asia averages 74.0
+/1 21.6kg); (J148.61.w1)
- the gestation period is long (644.4 +/- 19.5 days for Asian cows
in European zoos and circuses, versus 598.1 +/- 51.6 days for
working Asian cows in camps in Asia; (J148.61.w1)
- Calves born after a gestation of 600 days weighed about 60
kg and had nearly 100% survival of parturition, calves born
after 650 days weighed (mean) 110 kg and had about 70%
survival of parturition, while those born after 680 days
weighed 130 kg (mean) and showed only about 20% survival of
parturition. (J148.61.w1)
- Cow elephants in European zoos and circuses are relatively heavier
(greater weight for a given shoulder height) than are working cows in
Asia: 10.8 to 16.0 kg/cm shoulder height, versus 9.6 +/- 1.1 kg/cm for
tame females in Sri Lanka and 9.2 +/- 1.2 kg/cm for extensively kept
females in Tamil Nadu, India. This additional weight may also be
associated with increased probability of producing a stillborn calf. (J148.61.w1)
|
| Associated Techniques |
|
| Host taxa groups /species |
Further information on Host species has only
been incorporated for species groups for which a full Wildpro "Health and
Management" module has been completed (i.e. for which a comprehensive literature
review has been undertaken).
(List does not contain all other species groups affected by this
disease)
|
