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| Diseases / List of Miscellaneous / Metabolic / Multifactorial Diseases / Disease description: |
Perosis in Waterfowl |
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General and References
Disease Summary |
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| WATERFOWL | Leg deformity, particularly luxation of the Achilles (gastrocnemius) tendon, associated with manganese deficiency, choline deficiency, possibly other vitamin deficiencies and excess protein. |
Alternative Names (Synonyms) |
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Disease Type |
| Miscellaneous / Metabolic / Multifactorial |
Infectious/Non-Infectious Agent associated with the Disease |
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| Manganese deficiency (can be associated with excess calcium supplementation), possibly various vitamin deficiencies (choline, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid) as in poultry chicks and turkey poults, excess protein, too rapid growth (B13.46.w1, B14, B32.2.w23, P4.1992.w1) | |
Infective "Taxa" |
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Non-infective agents |
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Physical agents |
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Disease Author |
Debra Bourne |
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Major References / Reviews |
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Code and Title List |
B12.42.w5,
B13.46.w1,
B14,
B16.19.w1, B32.2.w23,
B35.13.w5, B37.x.w1, B109 P4.1992.w1 |
Other References |
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Code and Title List |
J7.S1.w4 |
Clinical Characteristics and Pathology
Detailed Clinical and Pathological Characteristics |
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General |
WATERFOWL | Leg deformity, particularly luxation of the Achilles (gastrocnemius) tendon, with severe lameness/non-weight bearing. |
Clinical Characteristics |
WATERFOWL |
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Incubation |
WATERFOWL | Variable. Produced in 2-10 weeks by feeding manganese-deficient diet (B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1) |
Mortality / Morbidity |
WATERFOWL | Euthanasia may be necessary if the condition cannot be corrected. |
Pathology |
WATERFOWL | Luxation of gastrocnemius tendon out of trochlear groove. Bending deformity or lateral rotation of tibiotarsus distally and tarso-metatarsus proximally (B14, B32.2.w23). |
Human Health Considerations |
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Susceptibility / Transmission
General information on Susceptibility / Transmission |
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| WATERFOWL | Temperate and tropical species with naturally relatively slow growth rates may be more susceptible. |
Disease has been reported in either the wild or in captivity in: |
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| [N.B. Miscellaneous / Traumatic Diseases tend to be under-reported and the majority are likely to affect all waterfowl species, given exposure to the related disease agents/factors.] | |
Host Species List |
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Disease has been specifically reported in Free-ranging populations of: |
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Host Species List |
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Environment/Geography
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General Information on Environmental Factors/Events and Seasonality |
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Regions / Countries where the Infectious Agent or Disease has been recorded |
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Regions / Countries where the Infectious Agent or Disease has been recorded in Free-ranging populations |
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General Investigation / Diagnosis
General Information on Investigation / Diagnosis |
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| WATERFOWL | Diagnosed on clinical signs and physical examination. |
| Related Techniques |
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Similar Diseases (Differential Diagnosis) |
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| WATERFOWL | Splay leg: whole leg deviating rather than at hock (Splay Leg). Bowed leg (rickets) / long bone deformity not tendon displacement (Calcium / Phosphorus / Vitamin D Imbalance). |
Treatment and Control
Specific Medical Treatment |
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| WATERFOWL | -- |
| Related Techniques | -- |
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General Nursing and Surgical Techniques |
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| WATERFOWL |
Surgical correction:
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| Related Techniques | |
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Preventative Measures |
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| Vaccination | WATERFOWL | -- |
| Prophylactic Treatment | WATERFOWL |
Ensure correct diet with sufficient manganese and choline, not too high protein, and adequate exercise (B13.46.w1, B37.x.w1, B109, P4.1992.w1). |
| Related Techniques | -- |
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Environmental and Population Control Measures |
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| General Environment Changes, Cleaning and Disinfection | WATERFOWL |
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| Population Control Measures | WATERFOWL | -- |
| Isolation, Quarantine and Screening | WATERFOWL | -- |
| Related Techniques | -- |
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