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| Diseases / List of Parasitic Diseases / Disease description: |
Ocular Fluke Infection in Waterfowl |
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General and References
Disease Summary |
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| WATERFOWL | Ocular infection due to a trematode (fluke). |
Alternative Names (Synonyms) |
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Disease Type |
| Parasitic - Tapeworms and Flukes |
Infectious/Non-Infectious Agent associated with the Disease |
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| Trematode (eyefluke) Philophthalmus gralli. | |
Infective "Taxa" |
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Non-infective agents |
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Physical agents |
-- Indirect / Secondary |
Disease Author |
Debra Bourne |
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Major References / Reviews |
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Code and Title List |
B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1, B39.w6 J1.17.w7 |
Other References |
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Code and Title List |
B91 |
Clinical Characteristics and Pathology
Detailed Clinical and Pathological Characteristics |
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General |
WATERFOWL | Conjunctivitis, protrusion of third eyelid and lachrymation, with flukes attached to the conjunctiva and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. |
Clinical
Characteristics |
WATERFOWL | Protrusion of nictitating membrane (third eyelid) (eye may appear partially closed), swollen and congested conjunctiva; lachrymation. Leaf shaped or lanceolate organisms attached to conjunctival mucosa. Blindness may result from heavy infection (J1.17.w7, B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1, B39.w6). |
Incubation |
WATERFOWL | Five days from ingestion to flukes reaching the eye; one month to fluke maturity (B39.w6). |
Mortality / Morbidity |
WATERFOWL | -- |
Pathology |
WATERFOWL |
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Human Health Considerations |
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Susceptibility / Transmission
General information on Susceptibility / Transmission |
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| WATERFOWL | Transmission by ingestion of encysted cercariae on e.g. snail shell, crayfish exoskeleton (B39.w6). |
Disease / Agent has been reported in either the wild or in captivity in: |
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WATERFOWL Host Species List |
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Disease / Agent has been specifically reported in Free-ranging populations of: |
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WATERFOWL Host Species List |
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Environment/Geography
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General Information on Environmental Factors/Events and Seasonality |
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Regions / Countries where the Infectious Agent or Disease has been recorded |
| Indochina, Taiwan, southern USA (B39.w6). |
Regions / Countries where the Infectious Agent or Disease has been recorded in Free-ranging populations |
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General Investigation / Diagnosis
General Information on Investigation / Diagnosis |
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| WATERFOWL | Diagnosed by visual inspection of the eye finding flukes (3-6mm x 0.9-1.7mm) (B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1, B39.w6). |
| Related Techniques |
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Similar Diseases (Differential Diagnosis) |
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| WATERFOWL | -- |
Treatment and Control
Specific Medical Treatment |
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| WATERFOWL | -- |
| Related Techniques | -- |
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General Nursing and Surgical Techniques |
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| WATERFOWL | Manual removal of flukes, after application of topical ophthalmic anaesthetic. Enucleation may be required if severe ocular damage has occurred (B13.46.w1, B16.19.w1, B39.w6). |
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Preventative Measures |
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| Vaccination | WATERFOWL | -- |
| Prophylactic Treatment | WATERFOWL |
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| Related Techniques | -- |
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Environmental and Population Control Measures |
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| General Environment Changes, Cleaning and Disinfection | WATERFOWL |
Eliminate intermediate hosts (molluscs) (B39.w6). |
| Population Control Measures | WATERFOWL | --
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| Isolation, Quarantine and Screening | WATERFOWL | -- |
| Related Techniques |
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